Metformin

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CAS: 657-24-9

Name:

Metformin

Other names:

Glucophage; Glumetza; 1,1-Dimethylbiguanide; Metiguanide; Diabex; Dimethylbiguanide; Metforminum; Diabetosan; Fluamine

Metformin is a biguanide antihyperglycemic agent used for treating non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). It improves glycemic control by decreasing hepatic glucose production, decreasing glucose absorption and increasing insulin-mediated glucose uptake. Metformin is the only oral antihyperglycemic agent that is not associated with weight gain. Metformin may induce weight loss and is the drug of choice for obese NIDDM patients. When used alone, metformin does not cause hypoglycemia; however, it may potentiate the hypoglycemic effects of sulfonylureas and insulin. Its main side effects are dyspepsia, nausea and diarrhea. Dose titration and/or use of smaller divided doses may decrease side effects. Metformin should be avoided in those with severely compromised renal function (creatinine clearance < 30 ml/min), acute/decompensated heart failure, severe liver disease and for 48 hours after the use of iodinated contrast dyes due to the risk of lactic acidosis. Lower doses should be used in the elderly and those with decreased renal function. Metformin decreases fasting plasma glucose, postprandial blood glucose and glycosolated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, which are reflective of the last 8-10 weeks of glucose control. Metformin may also have a positive effect on lipid levels. In 2012, a combination tablet of linagliptin plus metformin hydrochloride was marketed under the name Jentadueto for use in patients when treatment with both linagliptin and metformin is appropriate.

Interactions

Description

UniProt ID

Protein: C-type lectin domain family 14 member A, Gene: CLEC14A
Gene: INSR
Protein: Glutathione-specific gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase 1, Gene: CHAC1
Protein: 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1, Gene: PRKAA1
Protein: 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2, Gene: PRKAA2
Protein: 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1, Gene: PRKAA1
Protein: 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2, Gene: PRKAA2
Protein: Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1, Gene: SLC47A1
Protein: Liver carboxylesterase 1, Gene: CES1
Protein: Dipeptidyl peptidase 4, Gene: DPP4
Protein: Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1, Gene: MAPK1
Protein: Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3, Gene: MAPK3
Protein: Nuclear receptor coactivator 1, Gene: NCOA1
Protein: Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1, Gene: RPS6KB1
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1, Gene: NDUFA1
Gene: NDUFA10
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11, Gene: NDUFA11
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12, Gene: NDUFA12
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13, Gene: NDUFA13
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2, Gene: NDUFA2
Gene: NDUFA3
Protein: Cytochrome c oxidase subunit NDUFA4, Gene: NDUFA4
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5, Gene: NDUFA5
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6, Gene: NDUFA6
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7, Gene: NDUFA7
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8, Gene: NDUFA8
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial, Gene: NDUFA9
Protein: Acyl carrier protein, mitochondrial, Gene: NDUFAB1
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1, Gene: NDUFB1
Gene: NDUFB10
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial, Gene: NDUFB11
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial, Gene: NDUFB2
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3, Gene: NDUFB3
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4, Gene: NDUFB4
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial, Gene: NDUFB5
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6, Gene: NDUFB6
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7, Gene: NDUFB7
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial, Gene: NDUFB8
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9, Gene: NDUFB9
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial, Gene: NDUFC1
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2, isoform 2, Gene: NDUFC2-KCTD14
Protein: NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial, Gene: NDUFS1
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial, Gene: NDUFS2
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial, Gene: NDUFS3
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial, Gene: NDUFS4
Gene: NDUFS5
Gene: NDUFS6
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial, Gene: NDUFS7
Gene: NDUFS8
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 1, mitochondrial, Gene: NDUFV1
Protein: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 2, mitochondrial, Gene: NDUFV2
Protein: Suppressyn, Gene: ERVH48-1

Toxicity

oral LD50 [mouse] mg/kg
Unavailable
oral LD50 [rat] mg/kg
Unavailable
oral LD50 [rabbit] mg/kg
> 350.0

Effects on organism

Anti Inflammation
Anti Cancer
Anti Atherogenic
Anti Diabetic
Anti Depressant
Neuroprotective
Cardioprotective
Antibacterial

No

Antifungal

No

Antiviral

No

Longevity mechanisms activation

Calorie Restriction Mimetics

Suppression of aging mechanisms

Anti Age
Anti Oxidant

Relation to biomarkers of Aging

Data not available

Relation to aging associated genes

MAPK14INSRMAPK3

Experimental conditions

Agar nematode growth medium + E. coli OP50

Life Extension

Mean LS (%)
40.0
Median LS (%)
Mortality rate derease (%)
Max LS (%)
26.1
Cell CLS
Cell RLS

Concentration wth maximum effect

50 mM

More info about experiment

23540700
Opposite effectNo

Experimental conditions

Not available

Life Extension

Mean LS (%)
0.0
Median LS (%)
Mortality rate derease (%)
Max LS (%)
Cell CLS
Cell RLS

Concentration wth maximum effect

More info about experiment

23077661
Opposite effectNo

Experimental conditions

Not available

Life Extension

Mean LS (%)
6.0
Median LS (%)
Mortality rate derease (%)
Max LS (%)
Cell CLS
Cell RLS

Concentration wth maximum effect

100 mg/kg/day

More info about experiment

23900241
Opposite effectNo